The main findings on the effect of hypo-and hyperglycemia on the brain Effect of hypoglycemia on the brain Effect of hyperglycemia on the brain GM GM Lower levels of GM density (in early-onset DM) Less growth of cortical GM Smaller volume in left superior temporal region Decreased volume WM WM Less growth of WM volume in the cortex and cerebellum Lower volume Reduced volume growth in the parietal occipital cortex Decreased WM development No significant effect on WM integrity Altered WM microstructure Cognitive function Poor performance in overall cognition, lower memory performance Poorer overall performance in early-onset diabetes (age <7 years) Cognitive function Lower cognitive scores Lower overall intellectual function Impaired executive function Impaired learning/memory Visual-spatial ability Others Slower hippocampus growth Formation of advanced glycation end products and increased oxidative stress 40] Cell membrane rearrangements and cellular signaling disturbance The numbers denote the relevant references. The study evaluated newly diagnosed youth with T1D, using MRI scans, comparing them to healthy Table 1.

Conclusions/interpretationThese results suggest that hyperglycaemia is associated with altered white matter development, which may contribute to the mild cognitive deficits in this population. Fractional anisotropy was positively correlated with performance (p < 0.002) and full-scale IQ (p < 0.02). Within the diabetes group, lower exposure to hyperglycaemia, averaged over the time since diagnosis, was associated with higher fractional anisotropy (p = 0.037). ResultsAxial diffusivity was lower in children with diabetes at baseline (p = 0.022) and at 18 months (p = 0.015), indicating that differences in white matter microstructure persist over time in children with diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring profiles and HbA1c levels were obtained every 3 months. We analysed longitudinal trajectories of white matter using diffusion tensor imaging. One hundred and eighteen children, aged 4 to <10 years old with type 1 diabetes and 58 age-matched, non-diabetic children were studied at baseline and 18 months, at five Diabetes Research in Children Network clinical centres. This longitudinal observational study examines whether dysglycaemia alters the developmental trajectory of white matter microstructure over time in young children with type 1 diabetes. Young children with T1D have significant differences in total and regional gray and white matter growth in brain regions involved in complex sensorimotor processing and cognition compared with age-matched control subjects over 18 months, suggesting that chronic hyperglycemia may be detrimental to the developing brain.Īims/hypothesisPrior studies suggest white matter growth is reduced and white matter microstructure is altered in the brains of young children with type 1 diabetes when compared with brains of non-diabetic children, due in part to adverse effects of hyperglycaemia. These changes were associated with higher cumulative hyperglycemia and glucose variability but not with hypoglycemia. Gray matter regions (left precuneus, right temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes and right medial-frontal cortex) showed lesser growth in diabetes, as did white matter areas (splenium of the corpus callosum, bilateral superior-parietal lobe, bilateral anterior forceps, and inferior-frontal fasciculus). However, children with diabetes had slower total gray and white matter growth than control subjects. There were no differences in cognitive and executive function scores between groups at 18 months. Children ages 4 to <10 years with (n = 144) and without (n = 72) type 1 diabetes (T1D) had high-resolution structural MRI and comprehensive neurocognitive tests at baseline and 18 months and continuous glucose monitoring and HbA1c performed quarterly for 18 months. Here, we assessed whether these differences change over time and the relation with dysglycemia. FreeNudez.Significant regional differences in gray and white matter volume and subtle cognitive differences between young diabetic and nondiabetic children have been observed.

Megan mazaika